Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. It is expected that morbidity of atherosclerosis increases in Japan with westernization of eating behavior, insufficient physical activity, and aging society. Reducing plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by statin has achieved risk reduction of cardiovascular events. However, despite optimal statin therapy, more than half of cardiovascular events cannot be prevented. In addition to dyslipidemia such as hypercholesterolemia, a various factors including insulin resistance, neuro-humoral factors, immune system and chronic inflammation may contribute to the cardiovascular events. Moreover, inter-organ communications may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The development of novel therapeutic approach will be required to reduce cardiovascular events. In this symposium, a wide range of research that will clarify the pathogenesis and molecular basis of atherosclerosis are anticipated, and we will discuss about possibilities of novel therapies for atherosclerosis.