Since the development of stem cells and discovery of the humoral factors and transcription factors that determine the various organ development from the 1990s, the causes and mechanisms of human congenital malformations and various diseases had become clarified. Also, in the heart, the congenital cardiac anomalies are caused by genetic abnormalities transcription factors responsible for its occurrence. Moreover, it had been clarified that ES cells or iPS cells could be induced to differentiate into cardiomyocyte by applying the humoral factors that required for heart development, which enabled us to use these techniques for regenerative medicine. Currently, the regenerative medicine of the heart attempts to treat the refractory severe heart failure by performing the cell transplantation using the iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Clinical application will be started soon. In addition, novel method, which is called direct induction, has also been developed, that can induce trans-differentiation of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes by gene transfer of the combination of several cardiac transcription factors. Clinical application of regenerative medicine required us the knowledge of not only embryology but also tissue engineering, nonclinical safety test and so on. Also, if these therapies are clinically applied and efficacy and safety are demonstrated, there is a possibility that treatment of heart failure will undergo a drastic change. Based on these circumstances, this plenary session is organized for the latest research on embryology in the cardiac field and is planned for the report of the current state of regenerative medicine for heart disease.